Throughout the ancient world, philosophy played a crucial role in shaping education and personal intellectual development. It was not limited to abstract discussions and was seen as a practical guide for leading a virtuous and meaningful life. Philosophical discussions often took place in public spaces, stimulating intellectual debates and encouraging individuals to reflect on their beliefs and values.
This was especially true in the Greek and Roman civilisations where it was not just a field of study but played a pivotal role in shaping the minds of individuals, their values, and their way of life. In Greece it was seen as integral to your role as a citizen, encouraging you to engage in rational discourse, develop moral virtues, and participate actively in civic life. In Rome, they placed specific emphasis on rhetoric (the art of effective or persuasive speaking or writing) and the importance it had on participating in legal proceedings, political debates, and public discussions.
Schools like the Epicureans, Stoics, and Sceptics offered philosophical guidance on how to lead a good life, find happiness, and navigate challenges. In ancient India, philosophical traditions such as Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism were deeply integrated into educational systems and were taught alongside mathematics, arts, and governance. In ancient China, Confucianism emphasized moral principles and social harmony, while Daoism focused on harmony with nature and the pursuit of inner tranquillity.
Why did we stop emphasising personal philosophy and should we bring we refocus?
Correlation, not Causation
Philosophy played a crucial role in shaping education and intellectual development in the ancient world. It was considered essential for cultivating critical thinking, ethical behaviour, and the skills necessary for active participation in both public and private life. In modern education, the study of philosophy has been relegated to liberal arts degrees or introductory high school studies. It is not considered a core subject in the majority, and an obscure elective for the minority.
The perceived decline in moral values in the west is a complex and much debated topic. Moral values are not influenced by education alone, establishing a direct link would be challenging. Other factors such as societal shifts, economic conditions, technological advancements, and educational priorities can also influence moral values.
Of greater import might be that the decline in philosophical engagement can lead to a lack of rigorous moral reasoning and ethical self-reflection among individuals (Chpt 4: Just Another Victim Of The Ambient Morality). This acceptance of moral relativism, where individualistic morals vary from person to person, gives rise to a lack of common ground and selfish, irrational behaviour.
A decline in philosophical education might limit individuals’ exposure to critical thinking and moral reasoning skills. Philosophy encourages individuals to question assumptions, analyse arguments, and consider different perspectives, all of which are essential for ethical decision-making. Something we appear to be lacking in modern social and political discourse.
Help You Help Yourself
In refocusing on classical philosophy, how might we help ourselves, as individuals and as a collective? I have chosen Stoicism for my example as I believe it has the best modern day application to our lives.
Emotional Resilience and Mental Well-Being – “Don’t sweat the small stuff”
One of the core tenets of Stoicism is the notion that individuals have control over their thoughts, feelings, and reactions. Stoicism teaches individuals to differentiate between events beyond their control and those they can influence. By focusing on what you can control, namely your own thoughts and reactions, you can cultivate emotional resilience.
The practice of negative visualisation, where you contemplate potential challenges and hardships, prepares an individual to approach adversity with composure and calm, reducing anxiety. In this way, and by embracing the temporary nature of discomfort, you develop a stronger sense of self.
You have power over your mind – not outside events. Realize this, and you will find strength.
Marcus Aurelius
Thriving In a Consumerist Culture – “Don’t buy the stuff”
In the modern age, success is signaled and equated through material possessions and external achievements. Stoicism provides a counterpoint by emphasising the intrinsic value of virtue and inner character. In valuing wisdom, courage, justice, and temperance above material gains Stoicism encourages individuals to cultivate a sense of contentment and self-worth that is independent of external validation.
Stoicism also aligns somewhat with the anti-consumerist rhetoric of practicing frugality and moderation with an aim towards sustainable living with our environment.
Wealth is the slave of a wise man and the master of a fool.
Seneca
Avoiding Digital Distractions – “Don’t watch the stuff”
The rise in digital content, mobile phones, ‘screen time’, and mindless scrolling has had a devastating effect on modern humans. The effects of this can be seen in both the behavioural development of children and adults alike. Stoicism espouses a focus on self-discipline and mindfulness. By cultivating a habit of focusing on the present moment and minimising the influence of the external, individuals could enhance their productivity, creativity, and well-being.
For children, it would be important for their parents to be very mindful of the screen time they have and to reduce it as much as possible in favour of reading, writing, drawing, making music, and other creative pastimes.
It is the nature of the wise to resist pleasures, but the foolish to be a slave to them.
Epictetus
Building Stronger Relationships – “Don’t ignore the personal stuff”
Our connections with fellow human beings have never been more vacuous and superficial. The search for the perfect partner, swiping left (or is it right?), and casual relationship culture, have all eroded our relationships with others. It is destroying our ability to cultivate meaningful and genuine relationships. By practicing and prioritising open communication, active listening, and emotional intelligence we can all forge stronger bonds based on empathy, and compassion, fostering healthier interpersonal dynamics.
By accepting others’ imperfections and focusing instead on our own reactions, rather than external factors, we can indeed cultivate more harmonious relationships with others.
Thus whoever destroys human marriage destroys the home, the city-the whole human race.
Musonius Rufus
Civic Virtue and Ethical Leadership – “Don’t ignore the political stuff”
Stoicism’s emphasis on moral virtue, justice, and the common good aligns well with the principles of ethical leadership. Given that trust in our current leadership is at an all-time low (Chpt 2: Credibility Problem) it would seem that we are being guided by those without a moral compass themselves. Lapses in leadership can have widespread consequences, placing the control of weapons of mass destruction in the hands of a few unethical leaders seems like madness. We should be seeking out or creating a new generation of leaders who prioritise integrity, fairness, and the welfare of all (but not at the expense of others).
The foundation of every state is the education of its youth.
Diogenes
Conclusion
The philosophy of Stoicism offers a timeless and invaluable framework for navigating the complexities of the modern age. By promoting emotional resilience, countering consumerist tendencies, navigating digital distractions, building stronger relationships, and fostering ethical leadership, Stoicism provides individuals and societies with tools for personal growth and positive transformation.
As we strive for well-being, meaning, and more harmonious coexistence, the revival of Stoicism stands as a compelling pathway toward a brighter future.
For those who wish to learn some more, I can suggest picking up a copy of Meditations by Marcus Aurelius Antoninus as a starting point.
I must be misunderstanding definition of Stoic philosophy. I thought it meant free from passion. Barely reacting to life. I disagree I think celebrating success, mourning loss and show rage / anger very healthy behaviours. Enjoyable read though.
I think there is a difference there. Stoicism doesn’t state that you can’t express emotions. Rather that in being aware of yourself, and by practicing self awareness and reflection your reactions will be more meaningful and honest.